Basic Concept of Polity

• Monarchy 

• In autocracy, all the three powers are vested with the King, means there is a centralization of powers, which makes the Monarch often unaccountable.
• French thinker Montesquieu gave the concept of separation of power, which means that all the three functions of state should be separated. Therefore democracy is based on separation of powers

 Democracy

•  India had dual polity which means there are separate legislatures at centre and different states.
• India has dual executive which means there are separate council of ministers at centre and different states.
• India has an integrated judiciary which means the High Courts are under the control of the Supreme Court:.
• India has a Parliamentary system of governance, therefore no clear separation of powers as executive is a part of legislature.

Parliamentary System of Governance in India

• Britain also has a Parliamentary system of governance therefore no separation of powers is there. 
• In Britain, the executive and judiciary are a part of legislature. Therefore Parliament is supreme there, whereas in India the Constitution is Supreme.
• Parliament House of Commons House of Lords Executive Judiciary
• Britain's Parliamentary System of Governance In USA there is Presidential system of governance, therefore clear separation of powers is found there.

State:

 A State is a community of persons, occupying a definite territory, possessing an organized government, and enjoying independence form external control.

 Fundamental Elements of State:  

1. Territory 
2. Population
3. Government
4. Sovereignty

 Note: Some contemporary thinkers consider only three elements of state as according to them every government of a state is sovereign, therefore a government and sovereignty cannot be considered as separate. But since this view is not widely accepted 4 elements of state are considered.

 Organs of state according to Kautaliya's Arthashastra 

1. Durga (The Fortified Capital)
2. Swami (The Ruler) EM
3. RajKosha (The Treasury) 
4. Sena (The Army)
5. Amatya (The Minister)
6. Mitra (Ally and Friend)
7. Kshetra (The Territory)

 State and nation

• Nation: A nation is defined as an aggregation of people, people that exists as an organized society, generally inhabiting a particular region, speakíng the same language, following similar customs possessing historical continuity.
• While the nation is closer to the racial or ethnic concept, the state is closer to a political concept.
• The term nation used in the United Nations refers to 'State' rather than 'Nation'. 'Arab nation' is a 'nation' concept rather than a state which includes many states like Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, UAE etc.
• The USA is a state consisting of many nations such as - Caucasian, African, Chinese and Indian nations
• Japan and Israel are states in which the characteristics of the nation are also seen, so these are examples of nation-states.

1. Divine Origin Theory: The king is the representative of God on earth and he enforces the orders of God in his kingdom. Therefore, on the basis of divine principle, the states came into existence.
2. Patriarchal Theory: After man's permanent residence, the family and the joint families camne into existence, who later organized as clans. The head of this clan was a 'man' whose in instruction were mandatory for everyone in the clan to obey. The samne unit was established as a patriarchal state.
3. Matriarchal Theory: Some thinkers believe that in the absence of the concept of pre-perma nent residence and marital relations from the patriarchal state, the offspring of the primi tive human beings were identified by their mother in which the orders of the most senior woman were paramount. This established a matriarchal state.
4. Power Theory: A state established by a powerful person on the basis of organized power. 
5. Theory of Social Contact: This principle was given by Lock, Hobbs and Roussos. Accord ing to this principle, there was a situation of 'fisheries justice' before the concept of a state with only uncertainty. So the people established the state on the basis of social accord. Under this, all the people handed over some of their rights to the head of the state, and on the other hand the king guaranteed the safety of his people. Even in a democracy at present, the people give him power by choosing the ruler through voting.